THE SUBSTANCE LIBRARYSourced draft

PsilocybinA psychedelic under clinical investigation.

A prodrug of psilocin, studied in supported clinical settings. Subjective effects, therapeutic outcomes and legal status are distinct questions.

01

Overview

Psilocybin is converted to active psilocin. Modern trials study carefully selected participants and structured support; their results cannot be transferred directly to unsupervised use or variable mushroom preparations. This entry distinguishes parent-compound identity from active-metabolite kinetics.

Sourced draft · editorial review pending

Included clinical findings come from selected participants receiving psychological support. Comparative benefit, durability and harms need continued assessment.

Assessment belongs to each claim and outcome. An article’s editorial status is not a grade of a substance’s safety or efficacy.

How it works

Serotonin 5-HT2A signaling

Blocking this receptor attenuated acute psilocybin effects in a human experiment. That does not establish a complete mechanism for lasting therapeutic change. [3]

02

Subjective effects

Descriptions of experience in their reported context. Direction does not imply benefit, and these observations do not define a universal intensity score.

Perceptual alteration

Human research
Variable

Human antagonist experiments support serotonin-receptor involvement in changes to perception and experience; no intensity score is assigned. [3]

Population
Healthy volunteers in an acute antagonist experiment
Exposure context
Psilocybin with pharmacological pretreatment in a controlled setting
03

Measured outcomes

What the research measured, for whom, and under which exposure. Findings remain attached to the study’s task or clinical endpoint.

Depression symptom severity

Human research
Decreased

The studied higher-dose arm improved the primary short-term outcome compared with the low-dose control, with adverse events and unresolved durability. [2]

Population
Adults with treatment-resistant depression in the phase 2 trial
Exposure context
Single 25 mg psilocybin administration with psychological support versus 1 mg control; week 3
Measure / instrument
Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
Magnitude
Not quantified in this summary
04

Doses & routes

Published exposure records, distinguished by source category. These describe study or reference context and are not personal dosing recommendations.

Depression trial exposure

Research exposure

25 mg [2]

Ingredient / form
Psilocybin · Proprietary synthetic formulation in a supported clinical trial
Route
Oral
Frequency
Single administration
Duration
Primary outcome at week 3; secondary follow-up through week 12
Population
Adults with treatment-resistant depression in a supported clinical trial
Purpose
Investigate depression severity versus a 1 mg control arm

An investigational trial arm, not instructions for personal use or an equivalent mushroom weight.

05

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption, metabolism and elimination depend on the analyte, route, formulation, physiology and other exposures.

Elimination half-life · Psilocin (active metabolite)Psilocin: about 3 hours [1]
OnsetNo estimate curated here [1]
PeakNo estimate curated here [1]
DurationSubjective duration is not inferred from elimination [1]

Mean elimination of the active metabolite in a small controlled study; this is not the half-life of parent psilocybin or a prediction of experience duration. [1]

ILLUSTRATIVE ELIMINATION MODEL

Psilocin (active metabolite) remaining over time

Single exposure

The modeled analyte is Psilocin (active metabolite). The curve begins after absorption and distribution; it does not predict onset, felt effects, or an individual’s response.

Route: Oral administration of psilocybin. Formulation: Controlled oral psilocybin preparation. Population: 12 healthy adults in an open-label escalating-exposure study.

Mean elimination of the active metabolite in a small controlled study; this is not the half-life of parent psilocybin or a prediction of experience duration. Source & context

Study mean: 3 hours.

The model uses this single study mean; no range is inferred.

Psilocin (active metabolite) remaining (%)
Psilocin (active metabolite): illustrative elimination with a 3 hour half-lifeA first-order elimination model of Psilocin (active metabolite). Fifty percent remains after 3 hours and 25 percent after 6 hours. Horizontal axis: elapsed hours after absorption and distribution. Vertical axis: percentage of the modeled analyte remaining. This is a mathematical illustration, not a personalized prediction.02550751000 h3 h6 h9 h12 h15 h
After 3 h50% remainsAfter 6 h25% remainsAfter 15 h3.125% remains

Model: fraction remaining = 2−time / half-life. Assumes a single exposure, instantaneous distribution, and a constant half-life for Psilocin (active metabolite). Formation of metabolites, repeated exposure, and interactions are not modeled. Source & context

Sourced elimination observations

Psilocin (active metabolite)

3 hoursStudy mean [1]

Route / formulation
Oral administration of psilocybin · Controlled oral psilocybin preparation
Population
12 healthy adults in an open-label escalating-exposure study

Mean elimination of the active metabolite in a small controlled study; this is not the half-life of parent psilocybin or a prediction of experience duration.

Bioavailability
No absolute estimate curated here [1]
Metabolism / metabolites
Converted to psilocin; the cited study measured active-metabolite kinetics [1]
06

Safety & uncertainty

Adverse effects, interactions, tolerance and withdrawal in the cited contexts. This section is not an exhaustive interaction checker.

Clinical support and screening matter

The depression trial reported headache, nausea and dizziness. Suicidal ideation, behavior or self-injury occurred across dose groups; the study cannot establish safety for unsupervised use. [2]

07

Research & sources

4

The source, the finding and its limitations. Funding information is reported where curated; an unassessed disclosure does not mean a study had no commercial funding.

  1. 01
    Human pharmacokinetic study · 2017

    Pharmacokinetics of Escalating Doses of Oral Psilocybin in Healthy Adults

    Brown et al.
    PMID 28353056DOI 10.1007/s40262-017-0540-6

    Measured psilocin elimination after controlled oral psilocybin exposure in 12 healthy adults.

    Limitations Small, selected and supported sample. Active-metabolite kinetics are not equivalent to parent-compound kinetics.

    Funding / disclosures Not assessed; consult the original disclosure.

  2. 02
    Phase 2 randomized trial · 2022

    Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression

    Goodwin et al.
    PMID 36322843DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2206443

    A supported clinical protocol improved the primary short-term depression outcome in the higher-dose arm.

    Limitations Adverse events occurred; longer and comparative trials are needed. Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder.

    Funding / disclosures COMPASS Pathfinder.

  3. 03
    Human antagonist experiment · 1998

    Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action

    Vollenweider et al.
    PMID 9875725DOI 10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024

    Antagonist pretreatment supported a role for serotonin receptors in acute effects.

    Limitations Historical terminology and an acute laboratory experiment do not establish a model of schizophrenia or a therapeutic mechanism.

    Funding / disclosures Not assessed; consult the original disclosure.

  4. 04
    Chemical database · 2026

    Psilocybin: compound record and molecular structure

    NCBI PubChem

    Source for molecular identity, formula, molecular weight and the structure diagram.

    Limitations A compound record does not establish a product's purity, identity or clinical benefit.

    Funding / disclosures Public database maintained by NCBI.

08

Connected claims

Each relationship retains its participants, roles and context. Shared membership does not imply that substances should be combined.

receptor-pathway

Antagonist experiments support serotonin 5-HT2A involvement in acute psilocybin effects.

Controlled acute human antagonist experiment.

Limitation Acute receptor evidence does not establish a complete mechanism of sustained therapeutic change.

Supporting sources [3]

Evidence strength: not formally assessed.

measured-outcome

The higher-dose study arm reduced depression severity relative to the low-dose control at the primary time point.

Treatment-resistant depression; standardized preparation and psychological support; assessment at week 3.

Limitation Adverse events occurred and longer comparative trials are needed.

Supporting sources [2]

Evidence strength: not formally assessed.

Explore the relationship graph
09

Legal context

United States — federal

Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act. State and local rules require separate review. Authority source

Activity / form
Federal controlled-substance classification of psilocybin; does not determine permitted state or local activities.
As of
Sep 29, 2026

Other jurisdictions and activities require separate assessment.

10

Editorial history

This article is a sourced draft. Editorial review has not been recorded. Content date: Sep 29, 2026.

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