An urge to use a substance; with nicotine dependence it may appear during abstinence and be temporarily relieved by renewed exposure.
These qualitative descriptions preserve the reported direction and setting. They do not assign a universal intensity score.
Dependence can produce cravings during abstinence; relief after nicotine can reflect reversal of withdrawal. Source
Each relationship keeps its participants and their roles together. Source details explain what the connection supports.
No sourced relationships have been assessed for this concept yet.
Tagged articles and participants in the relationships above. A shared tag alone does not establish a causal effect.
Supporting reading for this original editorial definition. Independent editorial review has not been recorded.
Explains receptor signaling, reinforcement and the cycle of dependence and withdrawal.
Limitation Not a trial of nicotine enhancement in people who do not use tobacco.
Funding / disclosures Not assessed; consult the original disclosure.
Source in Nicotine